INTRUCTIONS AND PRINCIPLES
Instructions is system of process
that system likes Learning Methods, Learning Materials, Learning Objectives,
Media, Assessment, Student competent, etc. and process likes planning the
learning program, preparing the Materials, Designing the Assessment, Preparing
Media, Preparing assessment Rubric to promote the attainment of intended
learning goals.
Term of
Instruction is Learning experiences with aim to achieve certain skills. Terms such as
education, training, and teaching are often used interchangeably with
instruction. However, in this text we will make some distinction among these
terms.
Actually Education,
Instruction, Training and Teaching have connection each other,
1. Beside
of Education and Instruction,
All Instructions is Education because all instruction consists of
experiences leading to learning. But not all education is instruction because
many experiences that lead to learning are not specifically developed and
implemented to ensure effective, efficient, and appealing experiences leading
toward particular learning goals.
2. Beside
of instruction and training,
All type of training is instruction
and not all instruction is training,
Training is very specific.
The focus of the training is:
- job life skills
- job competent
And it can do for their life
Instruction is General
The focus of instruction is
intended certain goals.
Instruction also can we use or not
in reality life.
3. Beside
of Teaching and Instruction
Instruction can get by all any
sources such as Reading a book, surfing the internet or etc.
Teaching can get by a life person (
teacher ). Teaching doesn’t really have any focus but instruction must have
focus.
There are 4 components in instruction:
-
Learners or the object to give instruction who suppose to get achieve learning
goals, what the learners need that the teachers will able to designed.
-
Learning task or including desired learning outcomes, how a teachers can give
task for the learners.
-
Learning environment or learning conditions and instructional method such as
condition in class, attractive method, etc.
-
frame of reference or the context in which learning is to occur, or can use
more than one learning source or media.
FIVE PRINCIPLES IN LEARNING AND INSTRUCTION:
Many
current instructional models suggest that the most effective learning products
or environments such as : (a) activation of prior experience, (b) demonstration
of skills, (c) application of skills, and (d) integration of these skills into
real-world activities.
Learning is promoted when learners are engaged in solving real-world
problems
Learning is
promoted when learners are shown the task that they will be able to do or the
problem they will be able to solve as a result of completing a module or course.
Learning is promoted when learners are engaged at the problem or task level,
not just the operation or action level. Learning to complete a whole task
involves four levels of instruction: (a) the problem, (b) the tasks required to
solve the problem, (c) the operations that comprise the tasks, and (d) the
actions that comprise the operations. Learning is promoted when learners solve
a progression of problems that are explicitly compared to one another. Some of
the problems or whole tasks that learners must complete are very complex. To
master a complex problem students must first start with a less complex problem.
When the first problem is mastered, students are then given a more complex
problem.
Learning is promoted when existing knowledge is activated as a foundation for
new knowledge.
Learning
is promoted when learners are directed to recall, relate, describe, or apply
knowledge from relevant past experience that can be used as a foundation for
the new knowledge. Learning is promoted when learners are provided relevant
experience that can be used as a foundation for the new knowledge. If learners
have a mental model that can be used to organize the new knowledge, they should
be encouraged to activate this mental model.
Learning is promoted when new knowledge is demonstrated to the learner.
Learning is
promoted when the demonstration is consistent with the learning goal: (a)
examples and nonexamples for concepts, (b) demonstrations for procedures, (c)
visualizations for processes, and (d) modeling for behavior. Knowledge to be
learned exists at two levels: (a) information and (b) portrayal. Information is
general and inclusive and refers to many cases or situations. Portrayal is
specific and limited and refers to a single case or a single situation. Instruction
is far more effective when it also includes the portrayal level in that the
information is demonstrated via specific situations or cases. Learning is
promoted when learners are provided appropriate learner guidance including some
of the following: (a) learners are directed to relevant information, (b)
multiple representations are used for the demonstrations, or (c) multiple
demonstrations are explicitly compared. problem solving (far transfer) is
promoted when the structural features are carefully identified and explicitly
mapped for the student. Learning is promoted when media play a relevant
instructional role and multiple forms of media do not compete for the attention
of the learner.
Learning is promoted when new knowledge is applied by the learner.
Learning
is promoted when the application (practice) and the posttest are consistent
with the stated or implied objectives: (a) information-about practice—recall or
recognize information, (b) parts-of practice—locate, and name or describe each
part, (c) kinds-of practice— identify new examples of each kind, (d) howto
practice—do the procedure and (e) what-happens practice—predict a consequence
of a process given conditions, or find faulted conditions given an unexpected
consequence. Learning is promoted when the practice is consistent with the
learning goal. Learning is promoted when learners are required to solve a
sequence of varied problems.
Learning is promoted when new knowledge is integrated into the learner’s world.
Learning is
promoted when learners are given an opportunity to publicly demonstrate their
new knowledge or skill. Learning is
promoted when learners can reflect on, discuss, and defend their new knowledge
or skill. Learners need the opportunity to reflect on, defend, and share what
they have learned if it is to become part of their available repertoire. Learning
is promoted when learners can create, invent, and explore new and personal ways
to use their new knowledge or skill.
PROBLEMS
Questions
1.
What is instruction?
2.
In
your opinion, how do you differentiate instruction from learning?
3.
Explain
briefly the difference between instruction, teaching, and training!
4.
As a teacher, what should you consider before
developing leaning instruction in your class? Give explanation!
5.
How does knowledge that is integrated into
learners‘ world promote their learning? Explain your opinion!
Answer
1. Instructions
is system of process that system consider Learning Methods, Learning Materials,
Learning Objectives, Media, Assessment, Student competent, etc. and process
consider planning the learning program, preparing the Materials, Designing the
Assessment, Preparing Media, Preparing assessment Rubric to promote the
attainment of intended learning goals.
2. In
my opinion the differentiate of instruction and learning is that instruction is
system of process Rubric to promote the attainment of intended learning goals. Its
mean how to preparing all the learning subject and media but Learning is getting
information by conscious that changing somebody behavior from don’t know become
know.
3. 3. Difference
between Instruction, teaching and training are,
Beside
of instruction and training,
All type of training is instruction
and not all instruction is training,
Training is very specific.
The focus of the training is:
- job life skills
- job competent
And it can do for their life
Instruction is General
The focus of instruction is
intended certain goals.
Instruction also can we use or not
in reality life.
Beside
of Teaching and Instruction
Instruction can get by all any
sources such as Reading a book, surfing the internet or etc.
Teaching can get by a life person (
teacher ). Teaching doesn’t really have any focus but instruction must have
focus.
4. 4. What
should I consider before developing learning instruction in class are preparing
for the materials and must can find out the good or attractive method for
teaching or give learning in class, and also preparing the media for helping
for the process of learning and make the situation or the environment become
comfortable. Preparing the assessment or the task for the learners as they
ability.
5. 5. In
my opinion the integrated of knowledge does promote their learning yes because
integrated of knowledge is all kind of
good and able knowledge that will improve and promote their learning
become more understand about the new materials and can solve all of that
problem and then integrated knowledge also can give new goals of learners
thinking because it also can make the mind work for think the materials. But
the point is that integrated of knowledge can improve well to promote their
learning.
